{"id":111627,"date":"2024-06-30T09:29:23","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T00:29:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/"},"modified":"2025-10-14T13:04:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T04:04:01","slug":"relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"The Relationship Between Forensic Medicine and Genetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"border:solid #ffe6e6 0.8rem;background-color: #fff9f9;padding:3% 5%;margin:1rem 0 3rem;\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u76ee\u6b21<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Summary_of_This_Article\" >Summary of This Article<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Use_of_Genetic_Techniques_in_Forensic_Medicine\" >Use of Genetic Techniques in Forensic Medicine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#DNA_Profiling\" >DNA Profiling<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#STR_Short_Tandem_Repeat_Analysis\" >STR (Short Tandem Repeat) Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Mitochondrial_DNA_mtDNA_Analysis\" >Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Y%E2%80%91Chromosome_DNA_Analysis\" >Y\u2011Chromosome DNA Analysis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#SNP_Single_Nucleotide_Polymorphism_Analysis\" >SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) Analysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#DNA_Databases\" >DNA Databases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Importance_of_Genetic_Techniques_in_Forensic_Medicine\" >Importance of Genetic Techniques in Forensic Medicine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Who_Are_Genetic_Specialists_or_Genetic_Counselors\" >Who Are Genetic Specialists or Genetic Counselors?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\/#Summary\" >Summary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top:1rem;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary_of_This_Article\"><\/span>Summary of This Article<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><p>in the field of forensic medicine, genes (DNA) are utilized in various ways for criminal investigations, identification, and paternity testing. Below is a detailed explanation of how DNA is used in forensic science.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Use_of_Genetic_Techniques_in_Forensic_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Use of Genetic Techniques in Forensic Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Profiling\"><\/span><strong>DNA Profiling<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>DNA profiling is a technique that analyzes distinctive features of an individual\u2019s DNA sequence to identify them. It is used in situations such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Criminal Investigation<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Analyzing biological samples like blood, saliva, hair, or skin collected from crime scenes to help identify perpetrators.<br>Comparing the DNA profile obtained from the crime scene with profiles in databases of suspects or known offenders.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Paternity Testing<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Comparing DNA profiles of parents and children to confirm parent\u2013child relationships or resolve inheritance issues.<br>Typically uses STR (short tandem repeat) analysis.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"STR_Short_Tandem_Repeat_Analysis\"><\/span><strong>STR (Short Tandem Repeat) Analysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>STR analysis is the main method in forensic DNA profiling, featuring:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High Variability<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> The number of repeats varies between individuals, providing exceptionally high discriminatory power.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PCR Technology<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is used to amplify specific STR markers and detect them via fluorescent labeling.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Applications<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identifying perpetrators from crime scene samples.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paternity testing and genealogical investigations.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mitochondrial_DNA_mtDNA_Analysis\"><\/span><strong>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>mtDNA is maternally inherited, meaning that it remains identical from mother to child. Useful for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Analyzing Degraded or Old Samples<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Effective in extracting DNA from long-preserved or degraded samples.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Identifying Unknown Individuals<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Used for identifying unidentified bodies or missing persons.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Y%E2%80%91Chromosome_DNA_Analysis\"><\/span><strong>Y\u2011Chromosome DNA Analysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Y chromosome is paternally inherited, so father and son typically share the same Y\u2011chromosome markers. Useful for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Confirming Male Lineage<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Especially useful in father\u2013son or brother\u2013brother relationship confirmations.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Specific Criminal Investigations<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Assisting in perpetrator identification using male-specific genetic information.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SNP_Single_Nucleotide_Polymorphism_Analysis\"><\/span><strong>SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) Analysis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>SNP analyses examine single-base variations in the genome and are useful for individual identification and paternity testing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Widespread Distribution<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> Because SNPs are widely distributed across the genome, they provide additional discriminatory power.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Applications<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Genetic studies related to disease.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identifying individuals from crime scene evidence.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Databases\"><\/span><strong>DNA Databases<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Offender Databases<\/strong>: Store DNA profiles of known offenders and compare them with DNA from new crime scenes.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Missing Persons Databases<\/strong>: Store DNA information of missing persons or unidentified remains, and compare it with DNA provided by family members.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_Genetic_Techniques_in_Forensic_Medicine\"><\/span><strong>Importance of Genetic Techniques in Forensic Medicine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Genetic techniques play vital roles in forensic science for several reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High Precision and Reliability<\/strong>: DNA profiling is extremely accurate, with minimal risk of misidentification, making it strong legal evidence.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Speed of Results<\/strong>: Methods such as PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow for rapid results.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Broad Applicability<\/strong>: Used for criminal investigations, identifying individuals, paternity testing, and locating missing persons.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_Are_Genetic_Specialists_or_Genetic_Counselors\"><\/span><strong>Who Are Genetic Specialists or Genetic Counselors?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <strong>clinical geneticist<\/strong> in Japan is a medical specialist qualified to engage in genetic diagnosis and care.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Certification is administered jointly by the Japanese Society of Human Genetics and the Japanese Society of Genetic Counseling.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary\"><\/span><strong>Summary<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In forensic medicine, genetic technologies are indispensable tools for solving criminal and legal cases. Techniques such as STR analysis, mtDNA and Y\u2011chromosome DNA analysis, and SNP analysis each offer specific advantages, delivering high-precision results. These advances bolster the fairness and credibility of judicial processes, contributing to societal safety and security.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Summary of This Arti&#8230;\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/relationship-between-forensic-medicine-and-genetics\/?lang=en\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080<\/a>","protected":false},"author":59,"featured_media":79670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-111627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/59"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111627"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118043,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111627\/revisions\/118043"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=111627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=111627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}