{"id":77183,"date":"2022-12-20T15:56:42","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T06:56:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/"},"modified":"2024-05-23T13:50:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T04:50:19","slug":"recurrent-pregnancy-loss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"What is infertility? Causes and treatment methods explained\u3010Supervised by doctor\u3011"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"toc\">\n    <ul>\n        <li><a href=\"#c1\">What is infertility?<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#c2\">Causes of infertility<\/a>\n            <ul>\n                <li><a href=\"#c2-1\">Risk factors for infertility<\/a>\n                    <ul>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c2-1-1\">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c2-1-2\">Uterine abnormalities<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c2-1-3\">Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c2-1-4\">Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c2-1-5\">Endocrine disorders<\/a><\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#c3\">Testing for infertility<\/a>\n            <ul>\n                <li><a href=\"#c3-1\">Testing according to risk factors<\/a>\n                    <ul>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c3-1-1\">Antiphospholipid antibody test<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c3-1-2\">Uterine morphology test<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c3-1-3\">Chromosomal testing for either parent<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c3-1-4\">Miscarriage chorionic villus testing (POC testing)<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c3-1-5\">Endocrine testing<\/a><\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#c4\">Treatment of infertility<\/a>\n            <ul>\n                <li><a href=\"#c4-1\">Treatment according to risk factors<\/a>\n                    <ul>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-1-1\">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-1-2\">Uterine abnormalities<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-1-3\">Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-1-4\">Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-1-5\">Endocrine abnormalities<\/a><\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                <\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#c4-2\">Costs associated with infertility treatment<\/a>\n                    <ul>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-2-1\">Can treatment be covered by insurance?<\/a><\/li>\n                        <li><a href=\"#c4-2-2\">Are there any subsidies?<\/a><\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n                <\/li>\n                <li><a href=\"#c4-3\">Number of miscarriages and success rate of subsequent pregnancies<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#c5\">Infertility treatment and miscarriage<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#c6\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#qa\">Frequently Asked Questions about Infertility<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n    <button class=\"toc_more\">Open Table of Contents<\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"width:100%;max-width:300px;margin:0 auto;\"><a href=\"\/nipt\/\" class=\"content-bnr about\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/nipt\/wp-content\/themes\/hiro_nipt\/img\/banner\/nipt06pc.png\" alt=\"\u7f8a\u6c34\u691c\u67fb\u306e\u524d\u306b\u8840\u6db2\u691c\u67fb\u3060\u3051\u3067\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u75c7\u3092\u8a3a\u65ad\"><\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u76ee\u6b21<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#What_is_infertility\" >What is infertility?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Causes_of_infertility\" >Causes of infertility<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Risk_factors_for_infertility\" >Risk factors for infertility<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Antiphospholipid_antibody_syndrome\" >Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Uterine_abnormalities\" >Uterine abnormalities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_either_parent\" >Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_the_fetus\" >Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Endocrine_disorders\" >Endocrine disorders<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Testing_for_infertility\" >Testing for infertility<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Testing_according_to_risk_factors\" >Testing according to risk factors<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Antiphospholipid_antibody_test\" >Antiphospholipid antibody test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Uterine_morphology_test\" >Uterine morphology test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Chromosomal_testing_for_either_parent\" >Chromosomal testing for either parent<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Miscarriage_chorionic_villus_testing_POC_testing\" >Miscarriage chorionic villus testing (POC testing)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Endocrine_testing\" >Endocrine testing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Treatment_of_infertility\" >Treatment of infertility<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Treatment_according_to_risk_factors\" >Treatment according to risk factors<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Antiphospholipid_antibody_syndrome-2\" >Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Uterine_abnormalities-2\" >Uterine abnormalities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_either_parent-2\" >Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_the_fetus-2\" >Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Endocrine_abnormalities\" >Endocrine abnormalities<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Costs_associated_with_infertility_treatment\" >Costs associated with infertility treatment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Can_treatment_be_covered_by_insurance\" >Can treatment be covered by insurance?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Are_there_any_subsidies\" >Are there any subsidies?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Number_of_miscarriages_and_success_rate_of_subsequent_pregnancies\" >Number of miscarriages and success rate of subsequent pregnancies<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Infertility_treatment_and_miscarriage\" >Infertility treatment and miscarriage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_infertility\"><\/span>What is infertility?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, recurrent miscarriage is defined as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote>\n    <p>If there is a history of two or more miscarriages (before 22 weeks of pregnancy) or stillbirths (after 22 weeks of pregnancy), it is diagnosed as recurrent miscarriage. Ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole), and biochemical pregnancies are not included in the count of miscarriages.<\/p>\n    <cite>Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology &#8211; &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaog.or.jp\/qa\/confinement\/jyosei191127\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Please tell me about recurrent miscarriage<\/a>&#8220;<\/cite>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Experiencing repeated miscarriages or stillbirths can lead to feelings of anxiety, fearing that &#8220;if I get pregnant again, will I miscarry again?&#8221; This can mentally strain individuals and cause them to endure difficult emotions. Additionally, since the cause is often unknown, many pregnant women blame themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Causes_of_infertility\"><\/span>Causes of infertility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The main causes of recurrent miscarriage include antiphospholipid syndrome, congenital uterine abnormalities, chromosomal abnormalities in either parent or the fetus, and endocrine disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risk_factors_for_infertility\"><\/span>Risk factors for infertility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a 2019 survey, the main risk factors for recurrent miscarriage were antiphospholipid antibody positivity (8.7%), uterine abnormalities (7.9%), thyroid dysfunction (9.5%), and chromosomal abnormalities in either parent (3.7%). Other risk factors include deficiency of the 12th factor (factor XII) and protein S deficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most frequent causes were spontaneous miscarriage (fetal chromosomal abnormalities) and unknown risk factors, categorized as &#8220;unknown causes,&#8221; accounting for as much as 65.2% of all cases. Despite the high frequency of fetal chromosomal abnormalities as a cause of recurrent miscarriage, they were often labeled as &#8220;unknown causes&#8221; due to the lack of testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"489\" height=\"504\" class=\"wp-image-48596 aligncenter\" src=\"\/nipt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss01.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0d\u80b2\u75c7\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u56e0\u5b50\" \/><\/p>\n<cite>\u5f15\u7528\uff1a\u539a\u751f\u52b4\u50cd\u7701 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/11900000\/000697873.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u898b\u5730\u304b\u3089\u307f\u305f\u4e0d\u80b2\u75c7\u6cbb\u7642\u306e\u73fe\u72b6\u3084\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antiphospholipid_antibody_syndrome\"><\/span>Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Antiphospholipid antibodies, also known as &#8220;antiphospholipid antibodies,&#8221; are autoimmune antibodies that appear in the mother&#8217;s bloodstream. They increase the tendency of blood to clot, leading to conditions such as thrombosis and an increased risk of miscarriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1-2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uterine_abnormalities\"><\/span>Uterine abnormalities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Anomalies in the shape of the uterus are mostly congenital (present at birth). Uterine abnormalities that can cause miscarriage include uterine malformations such as bicornuate uterus, septate uterus, unicornuate uterus, and didelphys uterus, as well as uterine conditions like submucosal fibroids or acquired abnormalities. Particularly, septate uterus is known to have a high miscarriage rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1-3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_either_parent\"><\/span>Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If either parent has a chromosomal abnormality called &#8220;balanced translocation,&#8221; the frequency of miscarriage increases. Balanced translocation refers to a situation where a segment of one chromosome swaps places with a segment of another chromosome. While there is no gain or loss of genetic material, individuals with balanced translocation do not experience issues themselves. However, during the formation of eggs or sperm, disruptions in genes can occur, leading to miscarriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1-4\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_the_fetus\"><\/span>Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Abnormalities in the number of chromosomes in the fetus, such as trisomy where there is one extra chromosome instead of the usual two, can lead to miscarriage. The most common cause of recurrent miscarriage is chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c2-1-5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Endocrine_disorders\"><\/span>Endocrine disorders<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Pregnant women with conditions such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and other illnesses are believed to be more prone to miscarriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Testing_for_infertility\"><\/span>Testing for infertility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Starting from April 2022, the &#8220;products of conception (POC) chromosomal testing,&#8221; which examines fetal chromosomal abnormalities, became covered by insurance. However, it&#8217;s important to note that not all facilities offer insurance coverage for this test; only facilities meeting specific requirements are eligible for insurance reimbursement. The cost of the test is estimated to be approximately 20,000 to 50,000 yen when combined with other tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If there&#8217;s a concern about recurrent miscarriage, it&#8217;s recommended to undergo screening tests for the following risk factors to investigate the cause of miscarriage:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Testing_according_to_risk_factors\"><\/span>Testing according to risk factors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antiphospholipid_antibody_test\"><\/span>Antiphospholipid antibody test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In blood tests, various factors such as anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant are examined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1-2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uterine_morphology_test\"><\/span>Uterine morphology test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>There are procedures such as hysterosalpingography, ultrasound (echo) examination, hysteroscopy, and MRI examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1-3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chromosomal_testing_for_either_parent\"><\/span>Chromosomal testing for either parent<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In blood tests, it&#8217;s possible to examine for chromosomal abnormalities. It&#8217;s also advisable to receive genetic counseling from a specialist along with the testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1-4\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Miscarriage_chorionic_villus_testing_POC_testing\"><\/span>Miscarriage chorionic villus testing (POC testing)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Tissue from the chorion, a part of the early placenta, is collected from the miscarried fetus to examine for chromosomal abnormalities. If the abnormalities are found on the baby&#8217;s side, the miscarriage can be diagnosed as accidental, increasing the likelihood of a successful next pregnancy and childbirth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c3-1-5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Endocrine_testing\"><\/span>Endocrine testing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Thyroid hormone levels, diabetes, and other factors are examined through blood tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n    <a href=\"\/nipt\/causes-of-infertility\/\" class=\"blog-card\">\n      <div class=\"blog-card-content\">\n          <div class=\"blog-card-title\">\u4e0d\u598a\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u9a5a\u304f\u3079\u304d\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3001\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u5fb9\u5e95\u89e3\u8aac\u3010\u533b\u5e2b\u76e3\u4fee\u3011 <\/div>\n          <div class=\"blog-card-excerpt\">\u3082\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305f\u3089\u81ea\u5206\u306f\u4e0d\u598a\u304b\u3082\u2026\u2026\u3068\u60a9\u3080\u4eba\u3082\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\u4e0d\u598a\u306b\u306a\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u591a\u304f\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u4e0d\u598a\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3089\u75c5\u9662\u3092\u53d7\u8a3a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068...<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Treatment_of_infertility\"><\/span>Treatment of infertility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The treatment for recurrent miscarriage varies depending on the underlying cause. It&#8217;s important to undergo testing first to determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Treatment_according_to_risk_factors\"><\/span>Treatment according to risk factors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antiphospholipid_antibody_syndrome-2\"><\/span>Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If the result is positive, another test is conducted with an interval of at least 12 weeks. The basic treatment involves the administration of low-dose aspirin and calcium heparin, with thorough monitoring throughout the pregnancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1-2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uterine_abnormalities-2\"><\/span>Uterine abnormalities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Septate uterus is the most common uterine anomaly associated with recurrent miscarriage, and it&#8217;s said to have a high miscarriage rate. If miscarriages persist, surgical intervention may be necessary. Surgery can improve the chances of maintaining a pregnancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bicornuate uterus, the second most common anomaly, is less likely to cause miscarriage. However, it can lead to complications such as preterm birth or fetal growth restriction, and in such cases, surgery may be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1-3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_either_parent-2\"><\/span>Chromosomal abnormalities in either parent<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>While direct treatment may not be possible, undergoing genetic counseling is crucial. Ultimately, the chance of having a child is not significantly lower compared to couples with normal chromosomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>About 80% of early miscarriages are due to random chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. However, in cases of recurrent miscarriage, there&#8217;s a higher likelihood of one partner having structural chromosomal abnormalities such as balanced translocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Balanced translocation occurs in about 5% of couples with recurrent miscarriage. However, with this chromosomal abnormality, there&#8217;s a good chance of successful childbirth, with research showing that ultimately 60-80% of couples can achieve successful pregnancies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1-4\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chromosomal_abnormalities_in_the_fetus-2\"><\/span>Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently, medical technology does not allow for the treatment of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. However, it is possible to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus beforehand through various prenatal screening tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/nipt\/\">NIPT(Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing)<\/a> is a test that examines chromosomal abnormalities such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/about-down-syndrome\/?lang=en\">Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/edwards-syndrome\/?lang=en\">Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/patau-syndrome\/?lang=en\">Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)<\/a> in the fetus from blood samples taken from the mother. Compared to traditional prenatal testing through blood, it is considered to have extremely high accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/\">NIPT<\/a>, which can be conducted through blood sampling from the mother&#8217;s arm, is considered a safe test without the risk of miscarriage. Furthermore, since it can be performed immediately after pregnancy confirmation through ultrasound examination, it enables early assessment of the baby&#8217;s condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n    <a href=\"\/nipt\/nipt\/nipt\/\" class=\"blog-card\">\n      <div class=\"blog-card-content\">\n          <div class=\"blog-card-title\">\u77e5\u7684\u969c\u304c\u3044\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308bNIPT\u3068\u306f\uff08NIPT\u306e\u57fa\u672c\uff09 <\/div>\n          <div class=\"blog-card-excerpt\">\u30d2\u30ed\u30af\u30ea\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308bNIPT\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d2\u30ed\u30af\u30ea\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u306eNIPT\u3067\u306f\u77e5\u7684\u969c\u5bb3\u30fb\u767a\u9054\u969c\u5bb3\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u591a\u6570\u306e\u75be\u60a3\u3092\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u306b\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067...<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-1-5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Endocrine_abnormalities\"><\/span>Endocrine abnormalities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>After receiving treatment from a specialist in internal medicine, treatment is administered for conditions such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism until normal function is restored. For diabetes, it&#8217;s important to achieve adequate blood sugar control before planning the next pregnancy. Treatment and regular monitoring continue during pregnancy and afterward.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"\/nipt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss02-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u4e0d\u80b2\u75c7\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u56e0\u5b50\" class=\"wp-image-48612\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Costs_associated_with_infertility_treatment\"><\/span>Costs associated with infertility treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2021, the testing and treatment costs for recurrent miscarriage have become eligible for insurance coverage, with patients responsible for 30% of the expenses. Consequently, many local governments have discontinued subsidies for recurrent miscarriage. However, some regions may still provide subsidies, so it&#8217;s advisable to inquire with your local municipality for more information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-2-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_treatment_be_covered_by_insurance\"><\/span>Can treatment be covered by insurance?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Many common tests and treatments for recurrent miscarriage are covered by insurance, but there are some newer treatments or tests that may not be covered. The cost of treatment varies depending on the cause of recurrent miscarriage, so it&#8217;s important to verify with your healthcare provider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-2-2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_there_any_subsidies\"><\/span>Are there any subsidies?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2021, treatment for recurrent miscarriage has become eligible for insurance coverage, and subsidy programs provided by local governments may vary, with some discontinuing or partially subsidizing them. It&#8217;s advisable to contact your local authorities to inquire about the details of subsidy programs in your area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c4-3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Number_of_miscarriages_and_success_rate_of_subsequent_pregnancies\"><\/span>Number of miscarriages and success rate of subsequent pregnancies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If there is a history of two or more miscarriages (before 22 weeks of pregnancy) or stillbirths (after 22 weeks of pregnancy), the condition is diagnosed as recurrent miscarriage. However, ectopic pregnancy (tubal pregnancy), molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole), and biochemical pregnancy (chemical miscarriage) are not included in the count of miscarriages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if a woman has already given birth and has a first child, if she experiences two or more miscarriages or stillbirths afterward, she is considered to have recurrent miscarriage. It is estimated that there are approximately 30,000 people with recurrent miscarriage in Japan, which is not uncommon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even after being diagnosed with recurrent miscarriage, it is said that over 70% of women can still achieve successful pregnancies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Approximately half of recurrent miscarriages are due to what is called &#8220;random miscarriage,&#8221; repeatedly experiencing pregnancies with fetal chromosomal abnormalities by chance. This type of miscarriage occurs more frequently as the mother&#8217;s age increases. Even if no abnormalities are found in recurrent miscarriage testing, it is possible to have a successful pregnancy in the next conception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n    <a href=\"\/nipt\/abortion\/\" class=\"blog-card\">\n      <div class=\"blog-card-content\">\n          <div class=\"blog-card-title\">\u6d41\u7523\u3063\u3066\u3069\u3093\u306a\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u3053\u3068\uff1f\u6d41\u7523\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306f\uff1f\u3010\u533b\u5e2b\u76e3\u4fee\u3011 <\/div>\n          <div class=\"blog-card-excerpt\">\u598a\u5a20\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u6d41\u7523\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u521d\u671f\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u6d41\u7523\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u304c\u8d64\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u6027\u75be\u60a3\u3001\u5148\u5929\u6027\u7570\u5e38\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3059\u3002NIPT(\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u8a3a\u65ad)\u306f\u6bcd\u4f53...<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/a>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Infertility_treatment_and_miscarriage\"><\/span>Infertility treatment and miscarriage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Infertility&#8221; refers to the inability of healthy men and women who are not using contraception during sexual intercourse to conceive within one year. Infertility and recurrent miscarriage are categorized based on the presence or absence of pregnancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In cases where multiple healthy embryos are transferred during infertility treatment but fail to implant, or in cases of two or more miscarriages or stillbirths, or when multiple embryo transfers fail to result in pregnancy, infertility may coexist with recurrent miscarriage. Reports suggest that around 20-30% of couples with infertility also experience recurrent miscarriage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c6\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since recurrent miscarriage treatment can be prolonged, it&#8217;s important to explore coping strategies during difficult times. Recurrent miscarriage can be emotionally challenging, but gaining knowledge about it can sometimes provide relief and reassurance. Try to educate yourself with accurate information and seek support when needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group references\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u3010References\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/kodomo\/kodomo_kosodate\/boshi-hoken\/fuiku_00003.html\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Efforts on Recurrent Miscarriage<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology &#8211; &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaog.or.jp\/qa\/confinement\/jyosei191127\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Please Tell Me About Recurrent Miscarriage<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaog.or.jp\/note\/5%EF%BC%8E%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">5. Uterine Disorders<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaog.or.jp\/note\/2%EF%BC%8E%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">2. Chromosomal Abnormalities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/11900000\/000697873.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Current Status and Issues of Recurrent Miscarriage Treatment from a Medical Perspective<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advanced Medical Care.net &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senshiniryo.net\/column_a\/38\/index.html\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Investigating the Causes of Recurrent Miscarriage and Connecting to Patient Care: &#8220;Chromosomal Testing Using Miscarriage Samples&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effects of Thrombophilia and Antithrombotic Therapy on Embryonic Chromosomal Aberration Rates in Patients with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nozomi Ouchi,Toshiyuki Takeshita,2022 Volume 89 Issue 1 Pages 40-46<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"What is infertility?&#8230;\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/recurrent-pregnancy-loss\/?lang=en\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080<\/a>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":48608,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[201],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-77183","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abortion"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77183","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77183"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77190,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77183\/revisions\/77190"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48608"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hiro-clinic.or.jp\/nipt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}