Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is a disease in which genetic factors and lifestyle habits play a complex role. Recent research has revealed that certain gene mutations increase the risk of heart disease, and genetic testing has made it possible to assess individual risks and take preventive measures.
This article takes a closer look at the relationship between heart disease and genetics, the main genes involved in risk assessment, prevention strategies using genetic information, and the latest research trends.
1. The relationship between heart disease and genetics
There are various types of heart disease, but those that are particularly influenced by genetics include coronary artery disease (CAD), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation (AF), myocardial infarction, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) .
① Influence of genetic and environmental factors
The development of heart disease involves a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors (diet, exercise, stress, smoking, etc.).
Factor
Influence
Genetic factors
Family history, certain gene mutations (APOE, PCSK9, LDLR, etc.)
Environmental factors
High-fat diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, and drinking
By utilizing genetic testing, it is possible to identify congenital risks and take appropriate measures early on.
2. Major genes involved in heart disease risk
① Genes associated with coronary artery disease (CAD)
1. 9p21 gene (risk gene for coronary artery disease)
Genetic mutations in the 9p21 region have been reported to accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary artery disease ( Helgadottir A, 2007 ).
✅ Characteristics of people at risk
Younger people are more susceptible to developing heart disease
Easily affected by lack of exercise and high-fat diets
It has been reported that mutations in the ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) gene are more likely to cause vasoconstriction and increase the risk of hypertension ( Cambien F, 1992 ).
✅ Characteristics of people at risk
Easily affected by salt and prone to high blood pressure
✅ Prevention and control strategies
Limit salt intake (less than 6g per day) and eat foods high in potassium (bananas, spinach)
Implementing the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet
3) Genes associated with atrial fibrillation (AF)
1. PITX2 gene (risk of atrial fibrillation)
Mutations in the PITX2 gene have been reported to cause electrical abnormalities in the heart and increase the risk of atrial fibrillation ( Ellinor PT, 2010 ).
✅ Characteristics of people at risk
Prone to arrhythmias and increased risk of stroke
✅ Prevention and control strategies
Moderate exercise (relaxation training incorporating yoga and breathing techniques)
Appropriate use of anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, DOACs)
3. Preventive strategies for heart disease using genetic information
It is important to implement preventive strategies that are individually optimized according to risk based on genetic information .
① Appropriate nutritional management
✅ Practice a Mediterranean diet (olive oil, fish, and vegetables) ✅ Avoid trans fats and consume healthy fats ✅ Increase dietary fiber and manage blood sugar and cholesterol levels
② Establishing exercise habits
✅ Continue 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (walking, jogging) per day. ✅ Incorporate muscle training to stabilize blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
③ Environmental and stress management
✅ Get enough sleep (at least 7 hours a day) and regulate your autonomic nervous system. ✅ Reduce stress through mindfulness and meditation
4. Genetic research and the future of heart disease treatment
✅ AI-powered genetic analysis enables more accurate risk prediction ✅ Research is underway on fundamental treatments using gene editing with CRISPR technology. ✅ With the development of personalized medicine, treatment and prevention plans optimized for each individual will be provided.
With the use of genetic testing, we are now able to more accurately assess the risk of heart disease and implement scientifically based preventive measures. Let’s take advantage of the latest research and incorporate appropriate measures to maintain a healthy heart.
5. Personalized medicine in cardiovascular disease risk management
In recent years, personalized medicine utilizing genetic information has been rapidly developing in the field of cardiovascular disease prevention. Unlike conventional treatment approaches, combining genetic screening with individual risk assessment enables more effective prevention and management.
① Individualized treatment utilizing genetic information
1. Optimization of drug therapy according to genotype
✅ 1. Optimization of drug therapy according to genotype → Statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin) that lower LDL cholesterol may be less effective in people with the APOE4 genotype (Lambert G, 2012).
✅ Personalization of anticoagulant therapy (VKORC1, CYP2C9 genes) → The efficacy and side effect risks of warfarin vary among individuals depending on variants in the VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes (Mega JL, 2010).
✅ Use of PCSK9 inhibitors (based on PCSK9 gene mutations) → A new treatment that inhibits LDL receptor degradation and promotes cholesterol reduction (Sabatine MS, 2015).
2. Predicting heart disease using AI and big data
✅ AI analyzes the risk of heart disease in real time by integrating individual genetic data and lifestyle information. ✅ Works with wearable devices to monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. ✅ AI detects early signs of atrial fibrillation and hypertension, and suggests individualized prevention programs.
② Optimizing lifestyles using genetic information
1. Diet plan based on genetic type
gene
Related risks
Optimal Eating Strategies
APOE4
High cholesterol, arteriosclerosis
Mediterranean diet, low saturated fat
PCSK9
High LDL cholesterol
Nuts, olive oil, oily fish
ACE
High blood pressure
Salt restriction, potassium intake (bananas, spinach)
✅ Consume polyphenols (cocoa, green tea) to enhance antioxidant effects. ✅ Omega-3 fatty acids (salmon, flaxseed oil) suppress inflammation. ✅ Maintain vascular health with nuts (walnuts, almonds)
2. 個別最適化された運動習慣
✅ People at risk for 9p21 gene → Maintain vascular health mainly through aerobic exercise (jogging, cycling) ✅ People with ACE gene mutations (at risk of hypertension) → Stabilize blood pressure by combining resistance training. ✅ People with PITX2 gene mutations (at risk of atrial fibrillation) → Regulate the autonomic nervous system through yoga and breathing exercises.
③ Genetic testing and future strategies for preventing heart disease
1. Advances in genetic screening
✅ Integrated analysis of multiple genetic variants using polygenic risk scores (PRS) ✅ Quantify the risk of developing heart disease and propose individually optimized prevention programs. ✅ Risk assessment based on family history enables intergenerational prevention of heart disease.
2. The potential of gene therapy (CRISPR technology)
✅ Reducing the risk of arteriosclerosis by modifying the LDL receptor gene using CRISPR-Cas9 technology ✅ Development of a treatment that naturally lowers cholesterol by editing the PCSK9 gene ✅ Research into fundamental treatments through repair of genes that cause atrial fibrillation and arrhythmia
④ Practicing self-care according to cardiovascular disease risk
1. Low-risk group (focus on prevention)
✅ Regular exercise (150 minutes or more of aerobic exercise per week) ✅ A balanced diet (nuts, fish, and vegetables) ✅ No smoking, alcohol restrictions
2. Medium risk group (early intervention required)
✅ Conduct risk assessments using genetic screening ✅ Recommended annual health checkups and electrocardiogram tests ✅ Thorough stress management (mindfulness, breathing techniques)
3. High-risk group (requires medical management)
✅ Start appropriate drug therapy in collaboration with a physician. ✅ Consider introducing PCSK9 inhibitors and statin therapy. ✅ Use wearable devices to monitor heart rate and blood pressure in real time.
⑤ The Future of Heart Disease Prevention: The Spread of Personalized Medicine
✅ By 2025: Widespread use of genetic screening and AI-based risk prediction ✅ By 2030: Clinical application of gene therapy using CRISPR technology will begin. ✅ By 2040: Realization of fully individualized medicine based on genetic information
By utilizing genetic information, we are entering an era where we can more accurately grasp the risk of heart disease and implement scientifically based preventive measures . By utilizing the latest research and promoting prevention and treatment tailored to each individual’s constitution, we can achieve a healthier future.
6. Latest technologies and research trends for managing heart disease risk
In recent years, advances in genetic analysis technology, AI (artificial intelligence), and biotechnology have enabled more precise and personalized management of heart disease risk . Recent research has led to the development of preventive medicine and new treatment methods that utilize genetic information, allowing for more specific measures to be taken according to individual risks.
① Heart disease prediction model using AI and big data
By utilizing AI technology, it is now possible to predict heart disease with greater accuracy than conventional risk assessments.
1. Integrated analysis of genetic and lifestyle data
✅ Predicting individual risk of disease using polygenic risk scores (PRS) ✅ AI analyzes dietary, exercise, and sleep data to quantify cardiovascular disease risk ✅ AI proposes optimization of drug therapy based on genetic type
Research example : A 2022 study reported that a heart disease risk assessment system that combines genetic data with an AI model can predict risk with 30% higher accuracy than the conventional Framingham Risk Score ( Khera AV, 2022 ).
② The possibility of treating heart disease using gene editing technology (CRISPR)
Advances in CRISPR technology are enabling research into gene-editing therapies that could fundamentally reduce the risk of heart disease .
1. Cholesterol Management by Editing the PCSK9 Gene
✅ A treatment is being developed that naturally lowers LDL cholesterol by editing the PCSK9 gene. ✅ In a 2023 clinical trial, a single gene edit resulted in a more than 50% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels (Musunuru K, 2023).
2. Prevention of arteriosclerosis through regulation of the 9p21 gene
✅ Research is underway to suppress the progression of arteriosclerosis through gene modification using CRISPR technology. ✅ Maintaining vascular health by genetically regulating inflammatory responses that affect arterial endothelial cells
3) Real-time health management using smart devices
Integrating wearable devices with genetic data will enable real-time health management based on individual heart disease risk .
1. スマートウォッチと心疾患リスク評価
✅ Devices such as Apple Watch, Fitbit, and Garmin constantly monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiograms. ✅ AI detects abnormalities and warns of the risk of seizures and arrhythmias in advance. ✅ Integrated with genetic data, it proposes individual exercise and diet plans in real time.
Research example: A 2021 study showed that the accuracy of detecting atrial fibrillation using the Apple Watch’s ECG function is equivalent to that of a conventional Holter monitor, and was reported to be particularly effective in early diagnosis of people with PITX2 gene mutations ( Perez MV, 2021 ).
2. Personal health apps linked to genetic data
✅ AI automatically creates customized health management plans based on genetic types. ✅ Providing exercise, nutrition, and sleep guidance tailored to the risk of developing heart disease ✅ Analyzes heart rate and blood pressure in real time and sends alerts in case of abnormalities.
④ Future strategies for preventing heart disease using genetic information
1. Development of individual vaccines based on genes
✅ Research is underway on mRNA vaccines to prevent arteriosclerosis and hypertension. ✅ There are high expectations for the development of vaccines optimized for people with specific genetic mutations.
2. “Digital twin” model utilizing AI and biosensors
✅ Combining patient genetic information and biological data to create a virtual “digital heart” ✅ Simulate disease progression and suggest the best treatment in real time
⑤ Self-care guide utilizing genetic information
1. Low-risk group (optimization of lifestyle habits is important)
✅ Aerobic exercise + Mediterranean diet (exercise at least 5 days a week, intake of omega-3 fatty acids) ✅ Regular health checkups (electrocardiogram, blood pressure measurement)
2. Medium risk group (strong genetic factors)
✅ Risk assessment through genetic testing ✅ Early detection of arrhythmia through electrocardiogram monitoring devices ✅ Dietary management + drug therapy (appropriate management of LDL cholesterol)
3. High-risk group (medical management required)
✅ Considering the introduction of PCSK9 inhibitors and statin therapy ✅ Strengthening risk assessment using AI and collaboration with medical institutions ✅ Considering the application of gene therapy using CRISPR technology (clinical trial stage)
By utilizing genetic information, it is now possible to individually analyze the risk of developing heart disease and customize preventive measures . With the latest research and technological advances, it is expected that comprehensive health management systems that integrate AI, gene editing, and wearable devices will become more widespread in the future, making the prevention of heart disease more effective .
7. Lifestyle Optimization in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management
By utilizing genetic information, it is possible to design a lifestyle that is optimal for each individual’s constitution and effectively reduce the risk of developing heart disease . Here, we will explain specific methods of nutritional management, exercise strategies, stress management, and environmental adjustment that take genetic risk into account .
Different genotypes have different appropriate nutritional strategies for reducing heart disease risk .
1. Genetic type that is poor at metabolizing LDL cholesterol (with PCSK9 mutation)
✅ Actively consume a Mediterranean diet (olive oil, nuts, oily fish) ✅ Completely eliminate trans-fatty acids (margarine, fast food) ✅ Increase dietary fiber (oatmeal, brown rice) and suppress cholesterol absorption
2. Genotype with high risk of hypertension (ACE mutation)
✅ Limit salt intake to less than 5g per day and increase foods rich in potassium (bananas, beans). ✅ Practicing the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet ✅ Limit alcohol intake to no more than twice a week
3. Genetic type that is prone to blood sugar fluctuations (TCF7L2 mutation)
✅ Eat mainly low GI foods (brown rice, sweet potatoes, beans) ✅ Limit carbohydrate intake to about 100-150g per day and be aware of blood sugar control ✅ Adjust the order of meals to “vegetables → protein → carbohydrates” to prevent blood sugar spikes
② Exercise strategies to reduce the risk of heart disease
1. People with 9p21 gene mutations (high risk of arteriosclerosis)
✅ 5 times a week, do aerobic exercise (walking, cycling) for 30 minutes or more ✅ Incorporate strength training and improve vascular flexibility (squats, deadlifts). ✅ Improve blood flow with stretching and yoga to maintain vascular health
2. People who are prone to high blood pressure due to the influence of the ACE gene
✅ Incorporate resistance training at least twice a week to stabilize blood pressure ✅ Avoid HIIT (high-intensity interval training) and focus on endurance exercise ✅ Use swimming and elliptical machines to do aerobic exercise without putting strain on your joints
3. People with PITX2 gene mutations (high risk of atrial fibrillation)
✅ Regulate your autonomic nervous system with yoga and deep breathing exercises to reduce the risk of arrhythmia. ✅ Avoid strenuous exercise and choose training that does not cause a sudden increase in your heart rate ✅ Use a smartwatch with a heart rate monitor to monitor your heart rate in real time
3) Relationship between stress management and risk of heart disease
1. Genotype with low stress tolerance (COMT mutation)
✅ Practice mindfulness meditation for 5 to 10 minutes every day to lower stress hormones ✅ Eat foods that contain GABA (which has a relaxing effect) (fermented foods, green tea) ✅ Increase relaxation time through moderate exercise and music therapy
2. Genotype that is prone to excessive cortisol secretion (FKBP5 mutation)
✅ Limit your smartphone and blue light at night to improve the quality of your sleep ✅ Have a hobby to relieve stress and ensure you have time to relax ✅ Eat tryptophan (bananas, nuts) before bed to increase the sleep hormone (melatonin).
4. Reducing the risk of heart disease through management of environmental factors
✅ Avoid air pollution (avoid outdoor exercise on days when PM2.5 levels are high) ✅ Improve indoor air quality (use an air purifier with a HEPA filter) ✅ Spend more time in green environments to reduce stress ✅ Get adequate sunlight to promote vitamin D synthesis and maintain cardiovascular health
⑤ The future of heart disease prevention using genetic information
1. Personalized, optimized health management using AI
✅ Integrating genetic data and daily health data, AI assesses risk in real time ✅ In conjunction with a smartwatch, it monitors heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels ✅ If an abnormality is detected, AI recommends online consultation with a doctor.
2. Reducing disease risk through gene editing
✅ A treatment to naturally lower cholesterol by editing the PCSK9 gene is in the works ✅ A gene therapy to repair heart muscle using CRISPR technology is in the research stage ✅ A gene therapy trial for people at risk for atrial fibrillation is set to begin
3. Development of personalized nutritional support
✅ A program for optimal intake of supplements according to genetic type will be provided. ✅ Practical application of customized nutrient supplementation plans based on biomarker analysis
By utilizing genetic information, it is possible to take a customized approach based on each individual’s constitution and lifestyle, unlike the conventional one-size-fits-all approach to prevent heart disease . With the evolution of AI, gene editing technology, and smart devices, the future in which individually optimized heart disease prevention becomes the norm is just around the corner .
8. The future of personalized medicine using genetic information
In managing the risk of heart disease, personalized medicine that utilizes genetic information is rapidly evolving . Advances in genetic analysis, AI, and biotechnology are making it possible to provide preventive measures and treatments for heart disease that are tailored to each individual .
① Development of gene-based individualized optimized treatment
1. Personalized drug therapy based on genetic information
✅ Determine the optimal dosage of statins (LDL cholesterol lowering drugs) based on genetic information ✅ Customize the effects of ACE inhibitors based on genotype to reduce the risk of side effects ✅ Evaluate the appropriate dosage of antithrombotic therapy (warfarin and DOAC) based on VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes
2. Clinical application of CRISPR gene therapy
✅ Treatment to edit the PCSK9 gene and lower LDL cholesterol levels for life is under study ✅ Genetic modification to reduce risk of myocardial infarction is in the testing stage ✅ Gene therapy to control telomerase activity may suppress the progression of arteriosclerosis
② Preventing heart disease by integrating AI and wearable devices
By utilizing AI and smart devices, it is possible to monitor the daily condition of the heart in real time and detect abnormalities early .
✅ Smartwatches will detect atrial fibrillation and arrhythmia and automatically notify doctors. ✅ AI will integrate genetic information and lifestyle data to automatically propose optimal health plans ✅ Development of biosensors that can detect abnormalities in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, enabling early intervention.
3) Future roadmap for preventing heart disease using genetic information
✅ By 2025 : Genetic screening will be standardized and risk assessment will be commonplace ✅ By 2030 : CRISPR gene therapy will be clinically applied to prevent early-stage heart disease ✅ By 2040 : AI and genetic information will be fully integrated, reducing the incidence of heart disease to almost zero
As medical treatment utilizing genetic information advances, we are fast approaching a future in which we can prevent the onset of heart disease and provide optimal health management for each individual . Let’s use the latest technology to practice individually optimized heart care.
Summary
By utilizing genetic information, it is now possible to accurately evaluate the risk of heart disease and develop optimal prevention and treatment strategies for each individual . The effects of genes such as PCSK9, 9p21, and ACE on heart disease have been elucidated, and with the development of AI and CRISPR technology, individually optimized medical care is rapidly evolving . In the future, preventive medicine combining genetic screening and smart devices will become mainstream, and an era of preventing the onset of heart disease will come.