Genetic testing plays an important role in the prevention and early detection of congenital diseases. Modern genetics has revealed that gene mutations are associated with specific disease risks, and prenatal diagnosis and carrier screening have made it possible to take appropriate measures. This article provides a detailed explanation of the types of congenital diseases, the role of genetic testing, and the latest approaches to prevention.
Congenital diseases are diseases that are present at birth and are caused by genetic or environmental factors. They are mainly classified into the following three types:
Single-gene (Mendelian) disorders: Caused by a specific gene mutation. Examples: cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria.
Multifactorial genetic diseases : Multiple genes and environmental factors are involved. Examples: congenital heart disease, neural tube defects.
Chromosomal abnormalities : Abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes. Examples: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (X chromosome deletion).
Incidence of congenital diseases
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3-6% of all babies are born with some kind of congenital disease, many of which could potentially be reduced through early diagnosis and preventative measures.
Carrier screening is a test to identify carriers of genetic diseases (people who have a gene mutation but do not develop the disease), and is particularly used to assess the risk of autosomal recessive genetic diseases (diseases that develop when both parents have the mutation).
Examples of target diseases
Cystic fibrosis (CFTR gene mutation)
Sickle cell disease (HBB gene mutation)
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA, SMN1 gene mutation)
Timing of testing
It is recommended to do this before or during early pregnancy.
Risk assessment between couples is possible depending on whether or not they have a genetic mutation.
3. Preventing congenital diseases using genetic testing
1. Use of genetic counseling
Based on the results of genetic testing, consultation with a specialist genetic counselor or doctor can help properly assess the risk of congenital diseases and consider preventive measures.
Main contents of counseling
Genetic risk assessment
Family history check
Proposal of pregnancy plan based on test results
2. Reproductive medicine options
Based on the results of genetic testing, you can also consider reproductive medical options.
Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT)
A method of analyzing the genes of fertilized eggs obtained through in vitro fertilization (IVF) to exclude embryos that pose a risk of disease.
It is used as an effective means of risk reduction in some genetic diseases.
Selection of donor sperm and eggs
If you are at high risk for a genetic disorder, you can choose to use a sperm or egg donor.
3. Lifestyle optimization
If you have a specific genetic risk, adjusting environmental factors may help reduce your risk of developing the disease.
Folic acid intake (to reduce the risk of neural tube defects)
Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption (to reduce the risk of fetal developmental abnormalities)
Appropriate weight management (risk management of gestational diabetes)
4. Latest research trends for preventing congenital diseases
Advances in genome editing technology
Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 technology is currently underway and is expected to be a fundamental treatment for certain genetic diseases. However, there are many ethical issues, and careful discussion is required before it can be put into practical use.
Epigenetics and the influence of the fetal environment
Advances in research into epigenetics, which controls gene expression, have revealed the impact that maternal nutrition and stress management have on fetal health.
5. Risk assessment of congenital diseases and accuracy of genetic testing
Advances in genetic testing have made risk assessment for congenital diseases more accurate, but not all tests are 100% accurate, and results must be interpreted with caution.
1. Accuracy and limitations of genetic testing
Some genetic tests are highly accurate, but others have the risk of misdiagnosis. For example, NIPT (non-invasive prenatal testing) has high sensitivity, but it is only a “risk assessment” and not a definitive diagnosis. Therefore, even if the result is positive, amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling is still required to make a definitive diagnosis.
Sensitivity : The probability that a test will correctly identify a person with the disease as positive.
Specificity : The probability of correctly identifying a person who does not have the disease as negative.
Risk of false positives and false negatives : Depending on the test, you may get a positive result even if you are not sick (false positive), or a negative result even if you are sick (false negative).
Multiple genes and environmental factors are involved, and no single genetic test can fully predict risk.
Therefore, it is important to comprehensively evaluate not only the results of genetic testing, but also information such as family history and lifestyle habits.
As genetic testing becomes more widespread, ethical issues also arise.
1. Genetic Information Privacy and Data Management
Genetic data is highly personal information and needs to be managed appropriately.
Provision of genetic information to third parties : There is debate over whether insurance companies and employers should be allowed to use genetic information.
Genetic data security : It is important to make sure that genetic testing companies are properly protecting your data.
Currently, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is in effect in the United States, prohibiting discrimination based on genetic information, but the strength of the regulations varies from country to country.
2. Psychological impact of genetic testing
Taking a genetic test can cause anxiety and stress, and if you are diagnosed with a high risk of developing a disease, the mental burden can be particularly great.
Understanding whether a disease is preventable : For example, even if a genetic mutation exists, there are some diseases where the risk of developing the disease can be reduced by improving lifestyle habits.
Importance of genetic counseling : It is recommended to consult with a specialist to properly understand the results and consider measures to take.
8. The future of genetic testing and prospects for new technologies
Genetic testing technology is evolving every day, opening up new possibilities in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital diseases. In the future, it is expected that more precise and convenient testing will become widespread, leading to the realization of personalized medicine.
1. The rise of next-generation sequencing (NGS)
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology that can analyze DNA sequences quickly and with high accuracy. Compared to conventional genetic testing, it can simultaneously analyze many gene mutations, bringing about a breakthrough in the risk assessment of congenital diseases.
Benefits of NGS
Analysis can be performed more quickly and at a lower cost than conventional genetic testing.
Multiple genetic mutations can be analyzed simultaneously in a single test.
Improve diagnostic accuracy for rare genetic diseases.
Future challenges
Strengthening big data analysis: The introduction of AI technology is underway to efficiently analyze massive amounts of genomic information.
Expanding clinical applications: Regulations are needed to enable NGS to be used as a standard diagnostic tool.
2. Application of gene editing technology (CRISPR-Cas9)
CRISPR-Cas9 technology is a gene editing technique that can precisely modify specific gene sequences, and is expected to become a fundamental treatment for congenital diseases in the future.
The potential of gene editing
Treatment of genetic diseases : Gene repair is being attempted for single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease.
Applications to reproductive medicine : Research is being conducted into the prevention of genetic diseases by modifying the genes in fertilized eggs.
Development into cancer treatment : Targeted gene therapy is being developed to prevent the proliferation of cancer cells.
Ethical Issues and Regulations
Germline gene editing is subject to ongoing ethical and legal debate and is restricted in many countries.
Long-term safety has not been established and careful research is required.
3. The fusion of microbiome and epigenetics
Advances in research into gut bacteria (microbiome) and epigenetics are adding new insights into risk management of congenital diseases.
The relationship between gut bacteria and gene expression
Gut bacteria may affect DNA methylation and histone modifications, potentially altering gene function.
It has been suggested that the intestinal environment of a pregnant mother affects fetal development and determines the risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases.
Epigenetic Therapy
Research is underway to use nutritional therapy and specific compounds to regulate gene expression and prevent or treat disease.
It may be possible to mitigate genetic risk through lifestyle optimization.
9. New healthcare models utilizing genetic testing
Proposals for new medical treatments and lifestyles that utilize genetic information are attracting attention.
1. Precision Medicine
Precision medicine is a medical approach that suggests optimal treatments and preventative measures based on individual genetic information.
Fields where individualization is progressing
Cancer treatment : Development of molecular targeted drugs that target gene mutations is progressing.
Cardiovascular disease : Based on genetic analysis, we assess the risk of arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure and provide early intervention.
Psychiatric disorders : Efforts are underway to use genetic information to select treatments for depression and schizophrenia.
Challenges and future prospects
Insurance coverage: There is debate as to the extent to which medical care based on genetic information should be covered by public health insurance.
Data management and privacy protection: Strict regulations are needed to prevent the risk of genetic information being leaked.
2. Optimizing lifestyles using genetic information
Services are emerging that suggest optimal lifestyle habits based on genetic information.
Nutrition and Genetics
Research is progressing in nutrigenomics, which provides optimal dietary plans for individuals based on genetic analysis.
For example, people with FTO gene mutations have poor lipid metabolism, so a low-fat diet is recommended.
Exercise and Genes
A service has been developed that analyzes aptitude for endurance and explosive sports based on variants of the ACTN3 gene and suggests training menus.
Sleep and genes
People with mutations in the CLOCK gene are prone to having disrupted internal clocks, so creating an appropriate sleep environment may help them maintain their health.
10. The Future of Genetic Technology and Its Impact on Society
Advances in genetic research have the potential to bring about major changes in health care and medical systems across society.
Development of preventive medicine using genetic information : Identifying risks before the onset of disease and taking appropriate measures will lead to reduced medical costs.
Fair use of genetic data : Legal and ethical standards must be established to protect privacy and ensure fair access to medical care.
Social acceptability of gene editing : It is important to form an international consensus on the scope and limitations of gene editing.
11. The spread of genetic testing and its social impact
The widespread use of genetic testing has the potential to have a major impact not only on medical care and lifestyles, but also on the structure of society as a whole. Genetic testing, which has previously been used in medical settings, is now expanding as a service for individuals, becoming a common means of health management and self-understanding.
1. Expansion of the genetic testing market and development of personalized services
Genetic testing is now available not only to medical institutions but also to the general public.
Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) genetic testing
The number of direct-to-consumer genetic testing kits is on the rise, allowing people to perform DNA analysis at home without going through a hospital.
Example: Genetic testing services offered by companies such as 23andMe, AncestryDNA, and MyHeritage.
Applications to personalized healthcare
Services that suggest optimal diet and exercise plans based on genetic information are growing rapidly.
There is a growing trend to use genetic testing to analyze obesity risk, lactose intolerance, alcohol metabolism ability, and other factors in order to use this information for health management.
2. Genetic testing and employment/insurance issues
The widespread use of genetic testing may also have an impact on employment and insurance systems.
Use of genetic information in employment
There are concerns that companies may use genetic testing during recruitment to screen out people with certain health risks.
Some countries have enacted laws that prohibit employment discrimination based on genetic information (e.g., the US GINA Act).
Life insurance, medical insurance and genetic information
There is a possibility that insurance companies will increasingly adjust insurance premiums based on genetic information.
Some countries have enacted laws restricting insurance companies from obtaining genetic information.
To address these issues, proper management of genetic information and strengthened privacy protection are required.
Genetic testing is being used not only for physical health but also for mental health management. It has been revealed that certain genes are involved in stress tolerance and the risk of mental illness, and it is expected that mental care tailored to individual characteristics will become possible.
1. Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and stress resistance
Serotonin is a mood-stabilizing neurotransmitter, and variants of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) affect stress tolerance.
S type (shortened type) : Sensitive to stress and prone to anxiety.
L type (long type) : Tends to have high stress tolerance and an optimistic temperament.
Research is underway to utilize this information to propose stress management methods that are tailored to individuals.
2. COMT gene and mental performance
The COMT gene is involved in dopamine metabolism and is thought to affect concentration and stress response.
Val/Val type : Excellent at logical thinking, but tends to be weak to stress.
Met/Met type : Highly stress-resistant and suited to creative thinking.
Based on this information, research is underway to optimize career aptitudes and learning styles.
15. Genetic testing and the future medical revolution
Genetic testing has the potential to significantly change not only the health management of individuals, but also the paradigm of medical care as a whole. In the future, precision medicine that utilizes genetic information will further develop, establishing new standards for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
1. Combining AI and genetic data analysis
By utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), it will be possible to analyze vast amounts of genetic information at high speed and more accurately predict disease risk.
Optimizing personalized treatment : AI analyzes genetic data and suggests the most appropriate treatment for each individual.
Accelerating new drug development : Development of new drugs with specific targets will progress based on genetic data.
2. Further popularization and cost reduction of genetic testing
Advances in technology will significantly reduce the cost of genetic testing, making it more affordable for more people.
Introduction as standard testing in medical institutions : Prenatal testing and cancer risk testing may become commonplace.
Advances in home genetic testing : More precise tests will become possible with simpler procedures
With future advances in genetic research, our health management and medical care will likely continue to evolve.
Genetic testing is rapidly developing as an important tool for risk assessment and prevention of congenital diseases and for realizing personalized medicine. Early detection and treatment of diseases are becoming possible through the use of carrier screening, prenatal diagnosis, and newborn screening. Furthermore, innovative technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and CRISPR-Cas9 have made disease prevention and treatment at the genetic level a reality.
However, handling genetic information raises many ethical and social issues, and it is necessary to protect privacy and ensure fair access to medical care. Going forward, it will be important to aim for a society in which more people can maintain their health while maintaining an appropriate balance between the development of genetic technology and regulations.