In recent years, advances in genetic testing technology have made it possible to analyze the characteristics of an individual’s immune system and susceptibility to infectious diseases at the genetic level. It has become clear that certain genetic variants affect the risk of developing and the severity of infectious diseases. In this article, we will explain in detail how to evaluate the strength of the immune system and the risk of infection through genetic testing and its significance.
1. The relationship between genes and the immune system
The immune system is an important system that identifies and eliminates pathogens that invade the body. The strength and efficiency of this immune response is largely determined by an individual’s genetic background. For example, a group of genes called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are involved in antigen presentation and play a key role in the immune response. Diversity in these genes creates differences in individual immune responses.
2. Infectious diseases and genetic variants
Research has shown that certain genetic variants affect susceptibility to infection and the risk of developing severe symptoms. For example, a study on COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease) showed that patients with the HLA-C*04:01 genotype were twice as likely to develop severe symptoms and require mechanical ventilation as those without the genotype.
Autoimmune diseases are a group of diseases in which the immune system attacks one’s own tissues, and many genetic mutations are involved in their onset. In a study conducted by the RIKEN Institute, the genomes of approximately 280,000 people from five ethnic groups around the world were analyzed, and 34 new risk mutations associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis were identified.
This is expected to help elucidate the mechanisms behind autoimmune diseases and develop new treatments.
4. How to use genetic testing
Genetic testing offers the following benefits:
(1) Prediction of infectious disease risks
Knowing an individual’s genetic background can predict susceptibility to and risk of developing severe infections, which can lead to stronger preventive measures and the consideration of early treatment.
(2) Realization of personalized medicine
Personalized medicine is being developed, in which the most appropriate treatment and medication is selected for each patient based on genetic information. For example, it is known that certain medications are effective for patients with certain gene mutations, which is expected to improve the effectiveness of treatment.
(3) Early diagnosis of autoimmune diseases
Genetic testing can help identify the risk of autoimmune diseases early, making it possible to detect and treat the disease early by reviewing lifestyle habits before the onset of the disease and by undergoing regular testing.
5. Limitations and precautions of genetic testing
Genetic testing holds great promise, but it is important to keep the following points in mind:
(1) Interaction with environmental factors
Genes influence infection risk and immune response, but environmental factors and lifestyle habits also play a major role. A comprehensive perspective is required, rather than judging everything based on genetic information alone.
(2) Protection of Privacy
Genetic information is highly personal data and must be handled with the utmost care. When undergoing testing, it is important to choose a reliable institution and fully understand how your information is managed and protected.
7. Infectious disease prevention strategies based on genetic information
By utilizing genetic testing, it is possible to grasp the risk of infectious diseases in advance and take optimal preventive measures for each individual. People with certain genetic variants can reduce their risk of infection by choosing appropriate vaccines and improving their lifestyle.
(1) Vaccine effectiveness and genetic factors
Vaccines are an effective means of preventing infectious diseases, but it is known that their effectiveness varies depending on individual genetic factors .
Genes involved
HLA genes (human leukocyte antigens) : involved in immune response and affect antibody production after vaccination.
IFITM3 gene (interferon-inducible gene) : Prevents the virus from entering cells and prevents influenza from becoming severe.
Genotype-specific vaccination strategies
In people with the HLA-A*11:01 mutation , the influenza vaccine may be less effective, so a higher dose or booster vaccination is recommended.
Vaccination is especially important for people with IFITM3 gene mutations , as they are at higher risk of developing severe influenza.
Research evidence
Certain HLA genotypes have been shown to affect immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines (reference: nature.com ).
(2) The relationship between nutrition and immunity
By utilizing genetic information, we can develop optimal nutritional strategies for each individual, improving immunity and reducing the risk of infectious diseases.
Genes involved
VDR gene (vitamin D receptor) : Regulates vitamin D metabolism and enhances immune function.
FUT2 gene: Determines the composition of intestinal flora and affects intestinal immunity.
Genotype-based nutritional management
People with a mutation in the VDR gene have a low absorption rate of vitamin D, so they need to supplement it through supplements or foods (salmon, egg yolk) .
People with a mutation in the VDR gene have a low absorption rate of vitamin D, so they need to supplement it through supplements or foods (salmon, egg yolk) .
Research evidence
It has been reported that people with higher blood levels of vitamin D have a lower risk of developing respiratory infections (Reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
(3) Stress and immunogenetics
Stress has a significant impact on immunity, and stress resistance varies depending on genetic factors. By utilizing genetic testing, it is possible to develop measures to strengthen the immune system according to the level of stress .
Genes involved
NR3C1 gene (glucocorticoid receptor) : Determines sensitivity to the stress hormone (cortisol).
SLC6A4 gene (serotonin transporter) : Involved in stress response and mental health.
Genotype-specific stress management
People with mutations in the NR3C1 gene are more susceptible to the effects of stress hormones, so it is recommended that they practice meditation and mindfulness to reduce the negative effects on their immune system.
People with the short-chain type (S/S type) of the SLC6A4 gene are prone to a weakened immune system due to stress, so regular exercise (yoga, walking) can help strengthen the immune system.
Research evidence
It has been shown that proper stress management can improve the balance of the immune system (Source: sciencedirect.com ).
(4) Strengthening intestinal flora and the immune system
It is known that the intestinal environment has a significant impact on the function of the immune system, and by utilizing genetic information it is possible to adjust the intestinal flora to an optimal level for each individual.
Relationship between genotype and intestinal flora
People with a mutation in the FUT2 gene : They have low diversity of intestinal bacteria and are prone to weakened immunity, so it is effective to actively consume fermented foods and dietary fiber .
People with a mutation in the NOD2 gene : Their intestinal immune function is easily weakened, so they should balance their immune system by consuming foods containing probiotics and prebiotics (bananas, garlic) .
Research evidence
Balancing gut bacteria has been shown to strengthen immune response and reduce the risk of infection (source: jamanetwork.com ).
(5) Future approaches to strengthening immunity: Use of genome editing and AI
Recent research is exploring the possibility of using gene editing technology and AI to strengthen the immune system.
Immunity enhancement through genome editing
Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 → Modifying specific genes that enhance immune function and improve resistance to infectious diseases.
Genetic modification of T cells → The technology used in cancer immunotherapy can also be applied to the prevention of infectious diseases.
Integration of AI and genetic information
AI analyzes individual genetic data and predicts infection risk and immune status in real time.
AI suggests optimal intake schedules for vaccines and supplements.
Research evidence
There is evidence that gene editing technology may contribute to strengthening the immune system (reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
8. Personalized infectious disease prevention program using genetic information
By utilizing genetic information, it becomes possible to assess the risk of infectious diseases individually and implement preventive measures based on the assessment. By combining a multifaceted approach , such as optimizing vaccinations, nutritional management, stress reduction, environmental management, and personalized medicine , more effective infectious disease prevention can be achieved.
(1) Optimization of vaccination schedules
The effectiveness of vaccines varies from person to person depending on the type of HLA gene and the genes that regulate immune responses . By utilizing genetic testing, the type of vaccine and the vaccination schedule can be optimized to obtain a stronger immune response.
Genes involved
HLA genes (human leukocyte antigens) : involved in recognizing vaccine antigens and determine the strength of the immune response.
IL-6 gene : Regulates inflammatory responses and influences immune responses after vaccination.
Genotype-based vaccination strategies
Individuals with the HLA-A*11:01 mutation have a reduced immune response to some viral vaccines (influenza, hepatitis B), and booster vaccinations or different vaccine combinations are recommended .
People with a genotype that has low IL-6 expression may have delayed antibody production after vaccination, so it is recommended that they actively consume nutrients that strengthen the immune system (vitamins C and D) .
Research evidence
Differences in vaccine responses based on HLA type have also been shown to affect the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (source: nature.com ).
(2) Relationship between environmental factors and infectious disease risk
Taking into account the interaction between genes and environmental factors, it is important to manage the environment to reduce the risk of infection.
Optimization of genotype and environmental factors
People with HLA-DRB1 mutations (high risk of influenza) → Maintaining indoor humidity at 40-60% and using an air purifier will reduce the survival rate of the virus .
People with TLR3 gene mutations (high risk of viral infection) → Minimize exposure to the virus by washing your hands frequently and wearing a mask .
Research evidence
Proper indoor environmental control has been reported to reduce the incidence of respiratory infections (Reference: jamanetwork.com ).
(3) Individualized immune boosting program
By utilizing genetic information, it is possible to create an immune strengthening program tailored to each individual’s constitution .
Immune boosting measures based on genotype
People with a mutation in the VDR gene have low vitamin D metabolism, so their immunity can be strengthened by taking supplements and increasing their exposure to sunlight.
People with a mutation in the FUT2 gene have low diversity of intestinal bacteria , so they should actively consume probiotics and fermented foods.
Research evidence
Taking vitamin D supplements has been shown to boost immunity and reduce the risk of developing respiratory infections (Reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
(4) Infectious disease prediction system using AI and genomic data
By utilizing AI to combine genetic information and environmental data, it will be possible to predict infection risk in real time .
Personalized infection prevention using AI
Predicts infectious disease risks in real time and suggests appropriate countermeasures.
Based on genetic data, vaccination plans are automatically generated according to each individual’s immune characteristics.
Design your own personalized supplements to keep your immune system at its best.
Research evidence
It has been suggested that systems that combine AI and genomic analysis may be effective in predicting influenza and COVID-19 outbreaks (source: sciencedirect.com ).
(5) Future infectious disease countermeasures: gene editing and personalized medicine
New medical strategies are being researched that utilize gene editing technology (CRISPR) to increase resistance to infectious diseases .
Strengthening immunity with CRISPR technology
It modifies viral receptor genes, reducing susceptibility to certain infections.
Enhances genes that activate the immune system, improving infection defenses.
The future potential of gene editing
A CCR5 mutation that contains an HIV resistance gene is introduced to prevent infection with the AIDS virus.
T cells have been modified to improve their ability to respond quickly to new viruses.
Research evidence
Gene editing using CRISPR has shown potential to prevent HIV infection (source: nature.com ).
9. Approaches to treat infectious diseases using genetic information
When an infectious disease occurs, personalized treatment based on genetic information is becoming possible, and more effective treatment strategies are being developed, including the selection of antiviral drugs according to specific genetic mutations, immunotherapy, and optimization of the intestinal flora .
(1) Selection of antiviral drugs based on genetic information
When treating infections, consideration of an individual’s genetic background can help select the most effective antiviral drug.
Genes involved
IFITM3 gene : Inhibits viral entry into cells and controls the spread of infection.
CYP3A4 gene : Involved in drug metabolism in the liver and determines the effectiveness and side effects of antiviral drugs.
Genotype-based indications for antiviral drugs
People with IFITM3 gene mutations are at higher risk of developing severe influenza and COVID-19, so early administration of antiviral drugs is recommended.
In individuals with a genotype that is highly active in CYP3A4 , some antiviral drugs (e.g., ritonavir) are rapidly metabolized and dosage adjustments may be necessary .
Research evidence
Mutations in the CYP3A4 gene have been shown to affect the effectiveness of antiviral drugs (reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
(2) Relationship between immunotherapy and genes
By utilizing genetic information, immunotherapy can provide individually optimized treatment .
Genotype-specific immunotherapy
People with HLA-B gene mutations : Immunotherapy that activates T cells is particularly effective .
People with low expression of the IL-10 gene are given specific cytokine inhibitors in combination to suppress inflammatory responses .
Progress in practical application
CAR-T cell therapy, which is used in cancer immunotherapy, may also be applied to the treatment of viral infections.
Research evidence
Specific types of HLA-B genes have been shown to influence the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (reference: nature.com ).
(3) Treating infectious diseases using intestinal flora
In recent years, it has become clear that the intestinal flora (microbiome) has a significant impact on immune responses and the treatment of infectious diseases.
Genes involved
FUT2 gene : Determines the diversity of intestinal bacteria and affects intestinal immunity.
NOD2 gene : Regulates immune responses in the intestine and varies the risk of developing infectious diseases.
Optimizing the gut environment based on genotype
People with a mutation in the FUT2 gene have low diversity of intestinal bacteria, so they should actively take probiotics to strengthen their immunity.
People with a mutation in the NOD2 gene are at high risk of inflammatory diseases, so they should consume prebiotics (oatmeal, bananas) to improve their intestinal environment.
Research evidence
Regulating your intestinal flora may reduce the risk of developing infectious diseases (Source: sciencedirect.com ).
(4) Integration of regenerative medicine and infectious disease treatment
Regenerative medicine technology that utilizes genetic information is beginning to be applied to the treatment of infectious diseases.
Latest Treatments
Stem cell therapy → Strengthens the immune system and promotes recovery from infections.
Genetically modified T cell therapy : Strengthening T cells to target specific viruses, providing long-term prevention of infectious diseases.
Research evidence
It has been suggested that stem cell therapy may reduce the severity of COVID-19 (source: jamanetwork.com ).
(5) The future of infectious disease treatment using AI
By combining AI technology with genomic analysis, strategies are being developed to maximize the effectiveness of infectious disease treatment .
Integration of AI and Genomic Medicine
AI analyzes genetic data and recommends optimal antiviral drugs and immunotherapy.
Monitor the patient’s immune status in real time and determine the optimal timing of treatment.
Predicts future risk of infectious diseases based on past infection history and genetic data.
Research evidence
Personalized treatment using AI has been shown to improve the cure rate of infectious diseases compared to traditional one-size-fits-all treatments (source: nature.com ).
Research is underway to use CRISPR technology to increase resistance to infectious diseases.
Possible Applications
Genetic modification of viral receptors → Prevents viral infections such as HIV, influenza, and COVID-19.
Gene editing to strengthen the immune system → Activate natural immunity and strengthen immediate response to infectious diseases.
Research evidence
It has been suggested that CRISPR technology may be able to create people with HIV resistance genes (reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
10. Real-time monitoring and early warning system for infectious disease risks
In order to improve the accuracy of infectious disease prevention and treatment, an early warning system that combines genetic information and real-time monitoring technology is being developed. By utilizing AI and big data, it will be possible to detect the risk of infectious diseases in advance and take optimal measures.
(1) Immune monitoring using wearable devices
Smartwatches and wearable devices can measure biometric data in real time, such as heart rate, body temperature, and blood oxygen levels . Combining this data with genetic information can more accurately predict an individual’s immune status and risk of infectious diseases.
How to use
Measure HRV (heart rate variability) and analyze the relationship between stress levels and immune function.
It detects changes in body temperature and inflammatory markers in real time, alerting you to early signs of infection.
By integrating with genetic information, we propose optimal immune strengthening measures for each individual.
Research evidence
It has been reported that an early warning system for infectious diseases using wearable devices can predict the onset of COVID-19 two days in advance (source: jamanetwork.com ).
(2) Infectious disease prediction and individualized countermeasures using AI
By using AI to integrate genetic information and environmental data, it is possible to analyze the risk of infectious diseases in real time and propose optimal preventive measures for each individual.
Examples of AI use
Analyzes past genetic data and infection history to predict future infectious disease risks.
The infection status for each region is obtained in real time and individual risk alerts are sent out.
Analyzes lifestyle data (diet, exercise, sleep) and provides specific advice for improving immunity.
Research evidence
Infectious disease prediction systems that combine AI and genetic analysis have been shown to be more accurate than conventional methods (source: nature.com ).
(3) Personalized medicine and the future of infectious disease treatment
It is expected that personalized medicine using genetic information will continue to evolve in the future, improving the accuracy of infectious disease treatment.
Therapeutics of the Future
AI monitors the progression of the infection in real time and automatically suggests the optimal treatment plan.
Precision drug delivery using nanotechnology delivers therapeutic drugs directly to the site of viral infection.
Development of treatments that utilize gene editing technology (CRISPR) to fundamentally prevent certain viral infections.
Research evidence
Infectious disease management systems that integrate AI and personalized medicine have been shown to be more effective than conventional treatments (Reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ).
Summary
We are entering an era where genetic information can be used to gain a detailed understanding of individual immunity and infectious disease risk, allowing us to select optimal preventive measures and treatments. Multifaceted approaches are possible, including optimizing the effectiveness of vaccines, individualized nutritional management, stress reduction measures, and improving the intestinal environment. In addition, real-time immune monitoring using AI and wearable devices has evolved, improving the accuracy of early detection of infectious diseases and personalized medicine. With the development of genetic research and technology in the future, we can expect to see more advanced infectious disease countermeasures.
