Posted on 2024年 11月 13日
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death among Japanese people, and early detection is the key to treatment. Early detection of cancer increases treatment options and is expected to improve the success rate of treatment. Here, we will introduce cancer testing methods in an easy-to-understand manner, explaining their characteristics and uses. By knowing which test is suitable for you, you can aim for early cancer detection.
1. Cancer screening using diagnostic imaging
- X-ray examination (X-ray examination)
This is a basic imaging examination mainly used to screen for lung cancer. If a chest X-ray shows a shadow on the lungs, further examinations are performed to confirm the presence or absence of cancer. X-ray examinations have the advantage of being easy to undergo and involve a small amount of radiation exposure.
- CT scan (Computed tomography)
This is an examination that uses X-rays to take detailed cross-sectional images of the body and is effective in determining the location and size of cancer and whether it has metastasized. It is widely used to identify cancers in the chest, abdomen, bones, etc. In some cases, a contrast agent is used to obtain clearer images.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
is a method of taking detailed images of the inside of the body using magnetic force, and is mainly used to diagnose brain tumors, liver cancer, uterine cancer, etc. As it does not use X-rays or radiation, it is highly safe and can distinguish fine differences in tissue.
- PET (positron emission tomography)
is a test that checks the activity and spread of cancer by capturing the metabolic activity of cancer cells. Because it uses radioactive drugs to visualize cancer activity, it is often used when metastasis is suspected or for follow-up observation after treatment.
2. Cancer detection by endoscopy
- Gastroscopy (upper gastrointestinal endoscopy)
is an examination to directly observe the inside of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to check for the presence or absence of cancer. It is effective in early detection of stomach cancer, and biopsies can also be performed to collect tissue samples to check for the presence or absence of cancer cells.
- Colonoscopy:
An endoscope is inserted through the anus to directly observe the inner wall of the colon. This is useful for early detection of polyps and colon cancer, and if abnormalities are found, a biopsy or polyp removal can be performed on the spot.
- Bronchoscopy
is a test to observe the inside of the trachea and lungs, and is used to diagnose lung cancer. If necessary, tissue samples will be taken for further examination.
3. Cancer screening through blood tests
- Tumor marker tests
Depending on the type of cancer, certain substances (tumor markers) may increase in the blood, and measuring these may suggest the presence of cancer. For example, AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is used for liver cancer, and PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is used for prostate cancer. It is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis of cancer using tumor markers alone, so they are often combined with other tests.
- General blood tests are
general tests to check the components and cell condition in the blood, and they help to understand the signs of cancer, such as the white blood cell count and the presence or absence of anemia. Cancer may be suspected based on abnormalities in the blood.
4. Biopsy (tissue examination)
When cancer is suspected, the most reliable method is to actually collect tissue and confirm the presence or absence of cancer cells. Tissue is collected during an endoscopic examination or surgery and examined under a microscope for diagnosis.
5. Genetic testing
Genetic testing may be done to check for cancer risk factors. If you are genetically at high risk for cancer, preventative screening and early detection approaches can be taken.
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